The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, or LDAP is an application protocol for querying and modifying directory services running over TCP/IP. A directory is a set of objects with similar attributes organized in a logical and hierarchical manner. The most common example is the telephone directory, which consists of a series of names (either of persons or organizations) organized alphabetically, with each name having an address and phone number attached. Due to this basic design (among other factors) LDAP is often used by other services for authentication. An LDAP directory tree often reflects various political, geographic, and/or organizational boundaries, depending on the model chosen. LDAP deployments today tend to use Domain name system (DNS) names for structuring the topmost levels of the hierarchy. Deeper inside the directory might appear entries representing people, organizational units, printers, documents, groups of people or anything else which represents a given tree entry (or multiple entries). Its current version is LDAPv3, which is specified in a series of Internet Engineering Task Force Standard Track Requests for comments (RFCs) as detailed in RFC 4510. A barcode (also bar code) is a machine-readable representation of information (usually dark ink on a light background to create high and low reflectance which is converted to 1s and 0s). Originally, barcodes stored data in the width and spacing of printed parallel lines, but today they also come in patterns of dots, concentric circles, and text codes hidden within images. Barcodes can be read by optical scanners called barcode readers or scanned from an image by special software. IPDS is IBM?s Systems Application Architecture host-to-printer data stream for Advanced Function Presentation subsystems. It provides an attachment-independent interface for controlling and managing all-points-addressable (APA) printers that allow the presentation of pages containing an architecturally unlimited mixture of different data types, including text, image, graphics, bar code, and object container. It is used by a variety of IBM and OEM print servers that drive all-points-addressable (APA) page printers. Generally these printers are at the medium to high end of the print speed and volume spectrum. The IPDS architecture allows for both spooled data and print job management to flow bidirectionally between the print server (or print driver) and the Printer Controller. IPDS data streams are purely used to carry print information and data. This is above the network transport layer (typically TCP/IP or SNA) and the supporting hardware LANs, Channels and network controllers. IPDS carries data and instructions from the print server to the printer in structured fields. The printer controller processes these IPDS commands and returns acknowledgment back to the print server. PostScript (PS) is a page description language and programming language used primarily in the electronic and desktop publishing areas. PostScript was evolved over several years in which three different standards/levels were released. These levels are called Level-1, Level-2 and Level-3. Printer Command Language, more commonly referred to as PCL, is a Page description language (PDL) developed by Hewlett Packard as a printer protocol and has become a de facto industry standard. Originally developed for early inkjet printers in 1984, PCL has been released in varying levels for thermal, matrix printer, and page printers. HP-GL and PJL are supported by later versions of PCL. PCL is occasionally and incorrectly said to be an abbreviation for Printer Control Language which actually is another term for Page description language.PCL has been criticized for having less error tolerance than the competing PostScript printing language. Raster font - A computer font in which each character to be displayed or printed is formed as a series of points on a grid. Also called Bitmap Font. The Line Printer Daemon protocol/Line Printer Remote protocol (or LPD, LPR) also known as the Berkeley printing system, is a set of programs that provide printer spooling and network print server functionality for Unix-like systems. The most common implementations of LPD are the official BSD UNIX operating system and the LPRng project. The Common Unix Printing System (or CUPS), which is more common on modern Linux distributions, borrows heavily from LPD. Mass printing means the creation of hundred-thousands of documents in one or more large jobs in a relatively short time. Bank account statements, invoices, insurance policies are typical documents produced with mass printing. Often used synonyms for mass printing are; Batch Printing, Bulk Printing,Transactional Printing, High-Volume Printing. A mono-spaced font, also called a fixed-width or non-proportional font, is a font whose letters occupy the same amount of space. This contrasts to variable-width fonts, where the letters differ in size to one another.The first mono-spaced typefaces were designed for typewriters, which could only move the same distance forward with each letter typed. This also meant that mono-spaced fonts need not be typeset like variable width fonts and were, arguably, easier to deal with.Type 1 (also known as PostScript, PostScript Type 1, PS1, T1 or Adobe Type 1) is the font format for single-byte Roman fonts for use with Adobe Type Manager software and with PostScript printers. It can support font hinting. It was originally a proprietary specification, but Adobe released the specification to third-party font manufacturers provided that all Type 1 fonts adhere to it. TrueType is an outline font standard originally developed by Apple Computer in the late 1980s as a competitor to Adobe's Type 1 fonts used in PostScript. The primary strength of TrueType was originally that it offered font developers a high degree of control over precisely how their fonts are displayed, right down to particular pixels, at various font heights. (With widely varying rendering technologies in use today, pixel-level control is no longer certain.) Optical mark recognition is the process of capturing data by contrasting reflectivity at predetermined positions on a page. By shining a beam of light onto the document the scanner is able to detect a marked area because it reflects less light than an unmarked surface. OMR technology is used for packaging machines to count sheets and detect envelope changes. When a page or column break occurs within a paragraph, and only one or two lines are left on the current page while the rest of the paragraph is shifted to the next page, the one or two lines on the current page are referred to as orphans. In most case this situation must be avoided. The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. PDF is used for representing two-dimensional documents in a device-independent and display resolution-independent fixed-layout document format. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a 2-D document (and, with Acrobat 3-D, embedded 3-D documents) that includes the text, fonts, images, and 2-D vector graphics that compose the document. PDF is an open standard, and recently took a major step towards becoming ISO 32000. In computer science, Unicode is an industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in tandem with the Universal Character Set standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard, Unicode consists of a repertoire of about 100,000 characters, a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding methodology and set of standard character encodings, an enumeration of character properties such as upper and lower case, a set of reference data computer files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for text normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic or Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts).The Unicode Consortium, the non-profit organization that coordinates Unicode's development, has the ambitious goal of eventually replacing existing character encoding schemes with Unicode and its standard Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) schemes, as many of the existing schemes are limited in size and scope and are incompatible with multilingual environments.Unicode's success at unifying character sets has led to its widespread and predominant use in the internationalization and localization of computer software. The standard has been implemented in many recent technologies, including XML, the Java programming language and modern operating systems. The Extensible HyperText Markup Language, or XHTML, is a markup language that has the same depth of expression as HTML, but also conforms to XML syntax.Whereas HTML is an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a very flexible markup language, XHTML is an application of XML, a more restrictive subset of SGML. Because they need to be well-formed, true XHTML documents allow for automated processing to be performed using standard XML tools?unlike HTML, which requires a relatively complex, lenient, and generally custom parser. XHTML can be thought of as the intersection of HTML and XML in many respects, since it is a reformulation of HTML in XML. XHTML 1.0 became a World Wide Web . In a well-kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of letters all have similar area. Kerning pairs. In digital typography, kerning is usually applied to kerning pairs as a number to be added to the default charaConsortium (W3C) Recommendation on January 26, 2000. XHTML 1.1 became a W3C recommendation on May 31, 2001. The XML Paper Specification (XPS), formerly codenamed "Metro", is a specification for a page description language and a fixed-document format developed by Microsoft. It is an XML-based (more precisely XAML-based) specification, based on a new print path and a color-managed vector-based document format which supports device independence and resolution independence. In typography, kerning, or less commonly, mortising (referring to the process of physically removing material from the cast character), is the process of adjusting letter spacing in a proportional fontcter spacing, expressed in the font's coordinate system. For example, the kerning of VA in Adobe's Helvetica font is -80. A digital font's kerning feature can also increase the character spacing between two characters; for example the kerning value for ry in Adobe's Helvetica is 30. Increased character width is used mainly in conjunction with accented letters. The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is an 8-bit-per-pixel bitmap image format that was introduced by CompuServe in 1987 and has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability. The format uses a palette of up to 256 distinct colors from the 24-bit RGB color space. It also supports animations and allows a separate palette of 256 colors for each frame. The color limitation makes the GIF format unsuitable for reproducing color photographs and other images with continuous color, but it is well-suited for more simple images such as graphics or logos with solid areas of color. GIF images are compressed using the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless data compression technique to reduce the file size without degrading the visual quality. This compression technique was patented in 1985. Though the relevant patents have all since expired, the controversy over the licensing agreement between the patent holder, Unisys, and CompuServe in 1994 led to the development of the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) standard. Tagged Image File Format (abbreviated TIFF) is a container format for storing images, including photographs and line art. It is now under the control of Adobe. Originally created by the company Aldus for use with what was then called "desktop publishing," TIFF is a popular format for color and black and white images. The TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by publishing and page layout applications, by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition and other applications. Adobe Systems, which acquired Aldus, now holds the copyright to the TIFF specification. TIFF has not had a major update since 1992, though several Aldus/Adobe technical notes have been published with minor extensions to the format, and several specifications, including TIFF/EP, have been based on the TIFF 6.0 specification. Portable Network Graphics (PNG) is a bitmapped image format that employs lossless data compression. PNG was created to improve upon and replace the GIF format, as an image-file format not requiring a patent license. PNG is pronounced /'p??/ ping).[1] The PNG initialism is optionally recursive, unofficially standing for ?PNG's Not GIF?.[2] PNG supports palette-based (palettes of 24-bit RGB colors) or greyscale or RGB images. PNG was designed for transferring images on the Internet, not professional graphics so it does not support other color spaces (such as CMYK).
PNG files nearly always use file-extension "PNG" or "png" and are assigned MIME media type "image/png" (approved October 14, 1996). HTML, an initialism of Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document ? by denoting certain text as headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on ? and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded images, and other objects. HTML is written in the form of labels (known as tags), surrounded by angle brackets. HTML can also describe, to some degree, the appearance and semantics of a document, and can include embedded scripting language code which can affect the behavior of web browsers and other HTML processors. HTML is also often used to refer to content of the MIME type text/html or even more broadly as a generic term for HTML whether in its XML-descended form (such as XHTML 1.0 and later) or its form descended directly from SGML (such as HTML 4.01 and earlier). The Solaris Operating System, usually known simply as Solaris, is a Unix-based operating system introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1992 as the successor to SunOS. Solaris is known for its scalability, especially on SPARC systems, as well for being the origin for many innovative features such as DTrace and ZFS. Solaris supports SPARC-based and x86-based workstations and servers from Sun and other vendors, with efforts underway to port to additional platforms. Solaris is certified against the Single Unix Specification. Although it was historically developed as proprietary software, a majority of its codebase is now open source software. Acetate; A transparent sheet placed over originals or artwork, allowing the designer to write instructions and\or indicate a second color for placement. Acid-free Paper; Papermade from pulp containing little or no acid so it resists deterioration from age. Also called alkaline paper, archival paper, neutral pH paper, permanent paper and thesis paper. Acid Resist; An acid-proof protective coating applied to metal plates prior to etching. Additive Color; color produced by light falling onto a surface, as compared to subtractive color. The additive primary colors are red, green and blue. A4 Paper; ISO paper size 210 x 297mm used for Letterhead. Against the Grain; At right angles to the grain direction of the paper being used, as compared to with the grain. Also called across the grain and cross grain. See also Grain Direction. Airbrush; Pen-shaped tool that sprays a fine mist of ink or paint to retouch photos and create continuous-tone illustrations. Alteration; Any change made by the customer after copy or artwork has been given to the service bureau, separator or printer. The change could be in copy, specifications or both. Also called AA, author alteration and customer alteration. Anodized Plate; An offset printing plate having a treated surface in order to reduce wear for extended use. Anti-offset Powder; Fine powder lightly sprayed over the printed surface of coated paper as sheets leave a press. Also called dust, offset powder, powder and spray powder. Antique Paper; Roughest finish offered on offset paper. Aqueous Coating; Coating in a water base and applied like ink by a printing press to protect and enhance the printing underneath. Artwork; All original copy, including type, photos and illustrations, intended for printing. Also called art. Author's Alterations (AA's); At the proofing stage, changes that the client requests to be made concerning original art provided. AA's are considered an additional cost to the client usually. Back Up; (1) To print on the second side of a sheet already printed on one side. (2) To adjust an image on one side of a sheet so that it aligns back-to-back with an image on the other side. Base Art; Copy pasted up on the mounting oard of a mechanical, as compared to overlay art. Also called base mechanical. Base Negative; Negative made by photographing base art. Basic Size; The standard size of sheets of paper used to calculate basis weight in the United States and Canada. Basis Weight; In the United States and Canada, the weight, in pounds, of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to the basic size. Also called ream weight and substance weight (sub weight). In countries using ISO paper sizes, the weight, in grams, of one square meter of paper. Also called grammage and ream weight. Bind; Usually in the book arena, but not exclusively, the joining of leafs or signatures together with either wire, glue or other means. Bindery; Usually a department within a printing company responsible for collating, folding and trimming various printing projects. Blank; Category of paperboard ranging in thickness from 15 to 48 points. Blanket; Rubber-coated pad, mounted on a cylinder of an offset press, that receives the inked image from the plate and transfers it to the surface to be printed. Bleed; Printing that extends to the edge of a sheet or page after trimming. Blind Folio; A page number not printed on the page. (In the book arena, a blank page traditionally does not print a page number.) Blind Image; Image debossed, embossed or stamped, but not printed with ink or foil. Blocking; Sticking together of printed sheets causing damage when the surfaces are separated. Blow-Up; An enlargement, usually used with graphic images or photographs. Blueline; Prepress photographic proof made from stripped negatives where all colors show as blue images on white paper. Because 'blueline' is a generic term for proofs made from a variety of materials having identical purposes and similar appearances, it may also be called a blackprint, blue, blueprint, brownline, brownprint, diazo, dyeline, ozalid, position proof, silverprint, Dylux and VanDyke. Blurb; A description or commentary of an author or book content positioned on the book jacket. Board Paper; General term for paper over 110# index, 80# cover or 200 gsm that is commonly used for products such as file folders, displays and post cards. Also called paperboard. Body; The main text of work not including the headlines. Boiler Plate; Blocks of repetitive type used and copied over and over again. Bond paper; Category of paper commonly used for writing, printing and photocopying. Also called business paper, communication paper, correspondence paper and writing paper. Book Block; Folded signatures gathered, sewn and trimmed, but not yet covered. Book Paper; Category of paper suitable for books, magazines, catalogs, advertising and general printing needs. Book paper is divided into uncoated paper (also called offset paper), coated paper (also called art paper, enamel paper, gloss paper and slick paper) and text paper. Border; The decorative design or rule surrounding matter on a page. Bounce; (1) a repeating registration problem in the printing stage of production. (2) Customer unhappy with the results of a printing project and refuses to accept the project. Bristol Paper; General term referring to paper 6 points or thicker with basis weight between 90# and 200# (200-500 gsm). Used for products such as index cards, file folders and displays. Broadside; The term used to indicate work printed on one of a large sheet of paper. Bromide; A photographic print created on bromide paper. Broken Carton; Carton of paper from which some of the sheets have been sold. Also called less carton. Bronzing; The effect produced by dusting wet ink after printing and using a metallic powder. Build a Color; To overlap two or more screen tints to create a new color. Such an overlap is called a build, color build, stacked screen build or tint build. Bulk; Thickness of paper relative to its basic weight. Bullet; A dot or similar marking to emphasize text. Burst Perfect Bind; To bind by forcing glue into notches along the spines of gathered signatures before affixing a paper cover. Also called burst bind, notch bind and slotted bind. Butt Register; Register where ink colors meet precisely without overlapping or allowing space between, as compared to lap register. Also called butt fit and kiss register. Buy Out/Out Source; To subcontract for a service that is closely related to the business of the organization. Also called farm out. Work that is bought out or farmed out is sometimes called outwork or referred to as being out of house. C1S and C2S; Abbreviations for coated one side and coated two sides. Calender; To make the surface of paper smooth by pressing it between rollers during manufacturing. Caliper; (1) Thickness of paper or other substrate expressed in thousandths of an inch (mils or points), pages per inch (ppi), thousandths of a millimeter (microns) or pages per centimeter (ppc). (2) Device on a sheetfed press that detects double sheets or on a binding machine that detects missing signatures or inserts. Camera-ready Copy; Mechanicals, photographs and art fully prepared for reproduction according to the technical requirements of the printing process being used. Also called finished art and reproduction copy. Camera Service; Business using a process camera to make photostats, halftones, plates and other elements for printing. Also called prep service and trade camera service. Carbonless Paper; Paper coated with chemicals that enable transfer of images from one sheet to another with pressure from writing or typing. Carload; Selling unit of paper that may weigh anywhere from 20,000 to 100,000 pounds (9,090 to 45, 454 kilos), depending on which mill or merchant uses the term. Abbreviated CL. Carton; Selling unit of paper weighing approximately 150 pounds (60 kilos). A carton can contain anywhere from 500 to 5,000 sheets, depending on the size of sheets and their basis weight. Case; Covers and spine that, as a unit, enclose the pages of a casebound book. Case Bind; To bind using glue to hold signatures to a case made of binder board covered with fabric, plastic or leather. Also called cloth bind, edition bind, hard bind and hard cover. Cast-coated Paper; High gloss, coated paper made by pressing the paper against a polished, hot, metal drum while the coating is still wet. Catalog Paper; Coated paper rated #4 or #5 with basis weight from 35# to 50# (50 to 75 gsm) commonly used for catalogs and magazines. Chain Dot; (1) Alternate term for elliptical dot, so called because midtone dots touch at two points, so look like links in a chain. (2) Generic term for any midtone dots whose corners touch. Chain Lines; (1) Widely spaced lines in laid paper. (2) Blemishes on printed images caused by tracking. Chalking; Deterioration of a printed image caused by ink that absorbs into paper too fast or has long exposure to sun, and wind making printed images look dusty. Also called crocking. Check Copy; (1) Production copy of a publication verified by the customer as printed, finished and bound correctly. (2) One set of gathered book signatures approved by the customer as ready for binding. Choke; Technique of slightly reducing the size of an image to create a hairline trap or to outline. Also called shrink and skinny. Chrome; Strength of a color as compared to how close it seems to neutral gray. Also called depth, intensity, purity and saturation. Close Up; A mark used to indicate closing space between characters or words. Usually used in proofing stages. CMYK; Abbreviation for cyan, magenta, yellow and key (black), the four process colors. Coarse Screen; Halftone screen with ruling of 65, 85 or 100 lines per inch (26, 34 or 40 lines centimeter). Coated Paper; Paper with a coating of clay and other substances that improves reflectivity and ink holdout. Mills produce coated paper in the four major categories cast, gloss, dull and matte. Collate; To organize printed matter in a specific order as requested. Collating Marks; Mostly in the book arena, specific marks on the back of signatures indicating exact position in the collating stage. Color Balance; Refers to amounts of process colors that simulate the colors of the original scene or photograph. Color Blanks; Press sheets printed with photos or illustrations, but without type. Also called shells. Color Break; In multicolor printing, the point, line or space at which one ink color stops and another begins. Also called break for color. Color Cast; Unwanted color affecting an entire image or portion of an image. Color Control Bar; Strip of small blocks of color on a proof or press sheet to help evaluate features such as density and dot gain. Also called color bar, color guide and standard offset color bar. Color Correct; To adjust the relationship among the process colors to achieve desirable colors. Color Curves; Instructions in computer software that allow users to change or correct colors. Also called HLS and HVS tables. Color Electronic Prepress System; Computer, scanner, printer and other hardware and software designed for image assembly, color correction, retouching and output onto proofing materials, film or printing plates. Abbreviated CEPS. Color Gamut; The entire range of hues possible to reproduce using a specific device, such as a computer screen, or system, such as four-color process printing. Color Key; Brand name for an overlay color proof. Sometimes used as a generic term for any overlay color proof. Color Model; Way of categorizing and describing the infinite array of colors found in nature. Color Separation; (1) Technique of using a camera, scanner or computer to divide continuous-tone color images into four halftone negatives. (2) The product resulting from color separating and subsequent four-color process printing. Also called separation. Color Sequence; Order in which inks are printed. Also called laydown sequence and rotation. Color Shift; Change in image color resulting from changes in register, ink densities or dot gain during four-color process printing. Color Transparency; Film (transparent) used as art to perform color separations. Comb Bind; To bind by inserting the teeth of a flexible plastic comb through holes punched along the edge of a stack of paper. Also called plastic bind and GBC bind (a brand name). Commercial Printer; Printer producing a wide range of products such as announcements, brochures, posters, booklets, stationery, business forms, books and magazines. Also called job printer because each job is different. Complementary Flat(s); The second or additional flat(s) used when making composite film or for two or more burns on one printing plate. Composite Art; Mechanical on which copy for reproduction in all colors appears on only one surface, not separated onto overlays. Composite art has a tissue overlay with instructions that indicate color breaks. Composite Film; Film made by combining images from two or more pieces of working film onto one film for making one plate. Composite Proof; Proof of color separations in position with graphics and type. Also called final proof, imposition proof and stripping proof. Composition (1) In typography, the assembly of typographic elements, such as words and paragraphs, into pages ready for printing. (2) In graphic design, the arrangement of type, graphics and other elements on the page. Comprehensive Dummy; Simulation of a printed piece complete with type, graphics and colors. Also called color comprehensive and comp. Condition; To keep paper in the pressroom for a few hours or days before printing so that its moisture level and temperature equal that in the pressroom. Also called cure, mature and season. Contact Platemaker; Device with lights, timing mechanism and vacuum frame used to make contact prints, duplicate film, proofs and plates. Also called platemaker and vacuum frame. Continuous-tone Copy; All photographs and those illustrations having a range of shades not made up of dots, as compared to line copy or halftones. Abbreviated contone. Contrast; The degree of tones in an image ranging from highlight to shadow. Converter; Business that makes products such as boxes, bags, envelopes and displays. Copyboard; Surface or frame on a process camera that holds copy in position to be photographed.; Cover; Thick paper that protects a publication and advertises its title. Parts of covers are often described as follows: Cover 1=outside front; Cover 2=inside front; Cover 3=inside back, Cover 4=outside back. Coverage; Extent to which ink covers the surface of a substrate. Ink coverage is usually expressed as light, medium or heavy. Cover Paper; Category of thick paper used for products such as posters, menus, folders and covers of paperback books. Crash; Coarse cloth embedded in the glue along the spine of a book to increase strength of binding. Also called gauze, mull and scrim. Creep; Phenomenon of middle pages of a folded signature extending slightly beyond outside pages. Also called feathering, outpush, push out and thrust. See also Shingling. Crop Marks; Lines near the edges of an image indicating portions to be reproduced. Also called cut marks and tic marks. Crossover; Type or art that continues from one page of a book or magazine across the gutter to the opposite page. Also called bridge, gutter bleed and gutter jump. Cure; To dry inks, varnishes or other coatings after printing to ensure good adhesion and prevent setoff. Customer Service Representative; Employee of a printer, service bureau, separator or other business who coordinates projects and keeps customers informed. Abbreviated CSR. Cutoff; Circumference of the impression cylinder of a web press, therefore also the length of the printed sheet that the press cuts from the roll of paper. Cut Sizes; Paper sizes used with office machines and small presses. Cutting Machine; A machine that cuts stacks of paper to desired sizes. The machine can also be used in scoring or creasing. Cutting Die; Usually a custom ordered item to trim specific and unusual sized printing projects. CWT; Abbreviation for hundredweight using the Roman numeral C=100. Cyan; One of the four process colors. Also known as process blue. Data Compression; Technique of reducing the amount of storage required to hold a digital file to reduce the disk space the file requires and allow it to be processed or transmitted more quickly. Deboss; To press an image into paper so it lies below the surface. Also called tool. Deckle Edge; Edge of paper left ragged as it comes from the papermaking machine instead of being cleanly cut. Also called feather edge. Densitometer; Instrument used to measure density. Reflection densitometers measure light reflected from paper and other surfaces; transmission densitometers measure light transmitted through film and other materials. Density; (1) Regarding ink, the relative thickness of a layer of printed ink. (2) Regarding color, the relative ability of a color to absorb light reflected from it or block light passing through it. (3) Regarding paper, the relative tightness or looseness of fibers. Density Range; Difference between the darkest and lightest areas of copy. Also called contrast ratio, copy range and tonal range. Desktop Publishing; Technique of using a personal computer to design images and pages, and assemble type and graphics, then using a laser printer or imagesetter to output the assembled pages onto paper, film or printing plate. Abbreviated DTP. Device Independent Colors; Hules identified by wavelength or by their place in systems such as developed Rotary printing press Rotary printing press The rotary printing press was invented by Richard March Hoe in 1847. It uses impressions curved around a cylinder to print on long continuous rolls of paper or other substrates. Rotary drum printing was later significantly improved by William Bullock. Modern printing technology, The folder of newspaper web offset printing press. Across the world, over 45 trillion pages (2005 figure) are printed annually.[8] In 2006 there were approximately 30,700 printing companies in the United States, accounting for $112 billion, according to the 2006 U.S. Industry & Market Outlook by Barnes Reports. Print jobs that move through the Internet made up 12.5% of the total U.S. printing market last year, according to research firm InfoTrend/CAP Ventures by CIE. 'Device independent' means a color can be described and specified without regard to whether it is reproduced using ink, projected light, photographic chemistry or any other method. Die; Device for cutting, scoring, stamping, embossing and debossing. Die Cut; To cut irregular shapes in paper or paperboard using a die. Digital Proofing; Page proofs produced through electronic memory transferred onto paper via laser or ink-jet. Diffusion Transfer; Chemical process of reproducing line copy and making halftone positives ready for paste-up. Digital Dot; Dot created by a computer and printed out by a laser printer or imagesetter. Digital dots are uniform in size, as compared to halftone dots that vary in size. Direct Digital Color Proof; Color proof made by a laser, ink jet printer or other computer-controlled device without needing to make separation films first. Abbreviated DDCP. Dog Ear; A letter fold at the side of one of the creases, an indentation occurs. Dot Gain; Phenomenon of halftone dots printing larger on paper than they are on films or plates, reducing detail and lowering contrast. Also called dot growth, dot spread and press gain. Dot Size; Relative size of halftone dots as compared to dots of the screen ruling being used. There is no unit of measurement to express dot size. Dots are too large, too small or correct only in comparison to what the viewer finds attractive. Dots-per-inch; Measure of resolution of input devices such as scanners, display devices such as monitors, and output devices such as laser printers, imagesetters and monitors. Abbreviated DPI. Also called dot pitch. Double Black Duotone; Duotone printed from two halftones, one shot for highlights and the other shot for midtones and shadows. Double Bump; To print a single image twice so it has two layers of ink. Double Burn; To expose film or a plate twice to different negatives and thus create a composite image. Double Density; A method of recording electronically (disk, CD, floppy) using a modified frequency to allow more data storage. Double Dot Halftone; Halftone double burned onto one plate from two halftones, one shot for shadows, the second shot for midtones and highlights. Doubling; Printing defect appearing as blurring or shadowing of the image. Doubling may be caused by problems with paper, cylinder alignment, blanket pressures or dirty cylinders. DPI; Considered as "dots per square inch," a measure of output resolution in relationship to printers, imagesetters and monitors. Drawdown; Sample of inks specified for a job applied to the substrate specified for a job. Also called pulldown. Drill; In the printing arena, to drill a whole in a printed matter. Dropout; Halftone dots or fine lines eliminated from highlights by overexposure during camera work. Dropout Halftone; Halftone in which contrast has been increased by eliminating dots from highlights. Dry Back; Phenomenon of printed ink colors becoming less dense as the ink dries. Dry Offset; Using metal plates in the printing process, which are etched to .15mm (.0006 in) creating a right reading plate, printed on the offset blanket transferring to paper without the use of water. Dry Trap; To print over dry ink, as compared to wet trap. Dual-purpose Bond Paper; Bond paper suitable for printing by either lithography (offset) or xerography (photocopy). Abbreviated DP bond paper. Dull Finish; Flat (not glossy) finish on coated paper; slightly smoother than matte. Also called suede finish, velour finish and velvet finish. Dummy; Simulation of the final product. Also called mockup. Duotone; Black-and-white photograph reproduced using two halftone negatives, each shot to emphasize different tonal values in the original. Duplex Paper; Thick paper made by pasting highlights together two thinner sheets, usually of different colors. Also called double-faced paper and two-tone paper. Duplicator; Offset press made for quick printing. Dylux; Brand name for photographic paper used to make blue line proofs. Often used as alternate term for blueline. Electronic Front End (Electronic Composition); General term referring to a prepress system based on computers. Electronic Image Assembly; Assembly of a composite image from portions of other images and/or other page elements using a computer. Electronic Mechanical; Mechanical exclusively in electronic files. Electronic Publishing; (1) Publishing by printing with device, such as a photocopy machine or ink jet printer, driven by a computer that can change the image instantly from one copy to the next. (2) Publishing via output on fax, computer bulletin board or other electronic medium, as compared to output on paper. Emboss; To press an image into paper so it lies above the surface. Also called cameo and tool. Emulsion; Casting of light-sensitive chemicals on papers, films, printing plates and stencils. Emulsion Down/Emulsion Up; Film whose emulsion side faces down (away from the viewer) or up (toward the viewer) when ready to make a plate or stencil. Abbreviated ED, EU. Also called E up/down and face down/face up. Encapsulated PostScript file; Computer file containing both images and PostScript commands. Abbreviated EPS file. End Sheet; Sheet that attaches the inside pages of a case bound book to its cover. Also called pastedown or end papers. English Finish; Smooth finish on uncoated book paper; smoother than eggshell, rougher than smooth. Engraving; Printing method using a plate, also called a die, with an image cut into its surface. EP; Abbreviation for envelope. EPS; Encapsulated Post Script, a known file format usually used to transfer post script information from one program to another. Equivalent Paper; Paper that is not the brand specified, but looks, prints and may cost the same. . Also called comparable stock. Estimate; Price that states what a job will probably cost. Also called bid, quotation and tender. Estimator; The individual performing or creating the "estimate." Etch; To use chemicals to carve an image into metal, glass or film. Face; Edge of a bound publication opposite the spine. Also called foredge. Also, an abbreviation for typeface referring to a family of a general style. Fake Duotone; Halftone in one ink color printed over screen tint of a second ink color. Also called dummy Printing is a process for reproducing text and image, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing. History, History of printing Woodblock printing, Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns that was used widely throughout East Asia. It originated in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later on paper. As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220, and from Egypt to the 4th century. In East Asia "Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Son Masters", the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. BibliothŠque Nationale de Paris. History of typography in East Asia By 593 A.D., the first printing press was invented in China, and the first printed newspaper, Kaiyuan Za Bao, was available in Beijing in 713 A.D. It was a woodblock printing. And the Tianemmen scrolls, the earliest known complete woodblock printed book with illustrations, was printed in China in 868 A.D.; it did not supersede the use of block printing. In Middle East, Woodblock printing on cloth appeared in Egypt by the 4th century, though it is not clear if the Egyptian printing of cloth was learned from China or developed separately. Block printing of text, called tarsh in Arabic was developed in Arabic Egypt during the 9th-10th centuries, mostly for prayers and amulets. It is unclear whether the print blocks were made from metal or wood or other materials.[1] This technique, however, appears to have had very little influence outside of the Muslim world. Though Europe adopted woodblock printing from the Muslim world, initially for fabric, the technique of metal block printing was also unknown in Europe. Block printing later went out of use in Islamic Central Asia after movable type printing was introduced from China. In Europe, Block printing first came to Christian Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate, and when paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the medium transferred very quickly to small woodcut religious images and playing cards printed on paper. These prints were produced in very large numbers from about 1425 onwards. Around the mid-century, block-books, woodcut books with both text and images, usually carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to manuscripts and books printed with movable type. These were all short heavily illustrated works, the bestsellers of the day, repeated in many different block-book versions: the Ars moriendi and the Biblia pauperum were the most common. There is still some controversy among scholars as to whether their introduction preceded or, the majority view, followed the introduction of movable type, with the range of estimated dates being between about 1440?1460. Movable type printing, A case of cast metal type pieces and typeset matter in a composing stick. Movable type History of Western typography Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letterpunches. Movable type allowed for much more flexible processes than hand copying or block printing. Around 1040, the first known movable type system was created in China by Bi Sheng out of porcelain.[4] Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen later carved a more durable type from wood by 1298 AD, and developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. However, the main method in use there remained woodblock printing. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg introduced what is regarded as an independent invention of movable type in Europe (see printing press), along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead, tin and antimony ? the same components still used today. Johannes Gutenberg's work on the printing press began in approximately 1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehen ? a man he had previously instructed in gem-cutting?and Andreas Heilmann, owner of a paper mill.[6] It was not until a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg that official record exists; witnesses testimony discussed type, an inventory of metals (including lead) and his type mold. Compared to woodblock printing, movable type page setting was quicker and more durable. The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform, leading to typography and fonts. The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established the superiority of movable type, and printing presses rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the Renaissance, and later all around the world. Today, practically all movable type printing ultimately derives from Gutenberg's movable type printing, which is often regarded as the most important invention of the second millennium.. Offset press, Main article: Offset press, Offset printing is a widely used printing technique where the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free. Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using the technique of offset lithography. Other common techniques include: flexography used for packaging, labels, newspapers. hot wax dye transfer inkjet used typically to print a small number of books or packaging, and also to print a variety of materials from high quality papers simulate offset printing, to floor tiles; Inkjet is also used to apply mailing addresses to direct mail pieces. laser printing mainly used in offices and for transactional printing (bills, bank documents). Laser printing is commonly used by direct mail companies to create variable data letters or coupons, for example. pad printing popular for its unique ability to print on complex 3-dimensional surfaces. relief print, (mainly used for catalogues). rotogravure mainly used for magazines and packaging. screen-printing from T-shirts to floor tiles. Gravure, Gravure printing is an intaglio printing technique, where the image to be printed is made up of small depressions in the surface of the printing plate. The cells are filled with ink and the excess is scraped off the surface with a doctor blade, then a rubber-covered roller presses paper onto the surface of the plate and into contact with the ink in the cells. The printing plates are usually made from copper and may be produced by digital engraving or laser etching. Gravure printing is used for long, high-quality print runs such as magazines, mail-order catalogues, packaging, and printing onto fabric and wallpaper. It is also used for printing postage stamps and decorative plastic laminates, such as kitchen worktops. Impact of the invention of printing, Religious impact, Samuel Hartlib, who was exiled in Britain and enthusiastic about social and cultural reforms, wrote in 1641 that "the art of printing will so spread knowledge that the common people, knowing their own rights and liberties, will not be governed by way of oppression".[9] For both churchmen and governments, it was concerning that print allowed readers, eventually including those from all classes of society, to study religious texts and politically sensitive issues by themselves, instead of thinking mediated by the religious and political authorities. It took a long long time for print to penetrate Russia and the Orthodox Christian world, a region (including modern Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria) where reading ability was largely restricted to the clergy. In 1564, a White Russian brought a press to Moscow, and soon after that his workshop was destroyed by a mob. In the Muslim world, printing, especially in Arabic or Turkish was strongly opposed throughout the early modern period (printing in Hebrew was sometimes permitted). Indeed, the Muslim countries have been regarded as a barrier to the passage of printing from China to the West. According to an imperial ambassador to Istanbul in the middle of the sixteenth century, it was a sin for the Turks to print religious books. In 1515, Sultan Selim I issued a decree under which the practice of printing would be punishable by death. At the end of the century, Sultan Murad III permitted the sale of non-religious printed books in Arabic characters, yet the majority were imported from Italy. Jews were banned from German printing guilds; as a result Hebrew printing sprang up in Italy, beginning in 1470 in Rome, then speading to other towns. Local rulers had the authority to grant or revoke licenses to publish Hebrew books. It was thought that the introduction of the printing medium 'would strengthen religion and enhance the power of monarchs.' [11] The majority of books were of religious nature with the church and crown regulating the content. The consequences of printing wrong material were extreme. Meyrowitz [12] used the example of William Carter who, in 1584, printed a pro-Catholic pamphlet in Protestant-dominated England. The consequence of his action was hanging. The widespread distribution of the Bible 'had a revolutionary impact, because it decreased the power of the Catholic Church as the prime possessor and interpretor of God's word.' Social impact; Print gave a broader range of readers access to knowledge and enabled later generations to build on the intellectual achievements of earlier ones. Print, according to Acton in his lecture On the Study of History (1895), gave "assurance that the work of the Renaissance would last, that what was written would be accessible to all, that such an occultation of knowledge and ideas as had depressed the Middle Ages would never recur, that not an idea would be lost". Print was instrumental in changing the nature of reading within society. Elizabeth Eisenstein identifies two long term effects of the invention of printing. She claims that print created a sustained and uniform reference for knowledge as well as allowing for comparison between incompatible views. (Eisenstein in Briggs and Burke, 2002: p21) Asa Briggs and Peter Burke identify five kinds of reading that developed in relation to the introduction of print: Critical reading: due to the fact that texts finally became accessible to the general population, critical reading emerged because people were given the option to form their own opinions on texts. Dangerous Reading: reading was seen as a dangerous pursuit because it was considered rebellious and unsociable. This was especially in the case of women because reading could stir up dangerous emotions like love. There was also the concern that if women could read, they could read love notes. Creative reading: Printing allowed people to read texts and interpret them creatively, often in very different ways than the author intended. Extensive Reading: Print allowed for a wide range of texts to become available, thus, previous methods of intensive reading of texts from start to finish, began to change. With texts being readily available, people began reading on particular topics or chapters, allowing for much more extensive reading on a wider range of topics. Private reading: This is linked to the rise of individualism. Before print, reading was often a group event, where one person would read to a group of people. With print, literacy rose as did availability of texts, thus reading became a solitary pursuit. "While the invention of printing has been discussed conventionally in terms of its value for spreading ideas, it?s even greater contribution is its furthering of the long-developing shift in the relationship between space and discourse" The proliferation of media that Ong is discussing in relation to the introduction of the printing press, to the death of an oral culture and that the new this new culture had more of an emphasis on the visual rather than in an auditory medium. As such the printing press gave birth to a more accessible and widely available source of knowledge in the sense that it broke down the boundaries between the possessors of knowledge and the masses. The narrative or discourse now existed in what would become indirectly through time, the global village. The invention of printing also changed the occupational structure of European cities. Printers emerged as a new group of artisans for whom literacy was essential, although the much more labour-intensive occupation of the scribe naturally declined. Proof-correcting arose as a new occupation, while a rise in the amount of booksellers and librarians naturally followed the explosion in the numbers of books. Digital printing Digital printing accounts for approximately 9% of the 45 trillion pages printed annually (2005 figure) around the world. Printing at home or in an office or engineering environment is subdivided into: small format (up to ledger size paper sheets), as used in business offices and libraries, wide format (up to 3' or 914mm wide rolls of paper), as used in drafting and design establishments Some of the more common printing technologies are: blueprint?and related chemical technologies. daisy wheel?where pre-formed characters are applied individually. dot-matrix?which produces arbitrary patterns of dots with an array of printing studs. inkjet?including bubble-jet?where ink is sprayed onto the paper to create the desired image. laser?where toner consisting primarily of polymer with pigment of the desired colours is melted and applied directly to the paper to create the desired image. line printing?where pre-formed characters are applied to the paper by lines. solid ink printer-where cubes of ink are melted onto paper. heat transfer?like early fax machines or modern receipt printers that apply heat to special paper, which turns black to form the printed image. Vendors typically stress the total cost to operate the equipment, involving complex calculations that include all cost factors involved in the operation as well as the capital equipment costs, amortization, etc. For the most part, toner systems beat inkjet in the long run, whereas inkjets are less expensive in the initial purchase price. Professional digital printing (using toner) primarily uses an electrical charge to transfer toner or liquid ink to the substrate it is printed on. Digital print quality has steadily improved from early color and black & white copiers to sophisticated colour digital presses like the Xerox iGen3, the Kodak Nexpress, the HP Indigo Digital Press series and the InfoPrint 5000. The iGen3 and Nexpress use toner particles and the Indigo uses liquid ink. The InfoPrint 5000 is a full-color, continuous forms inkjet drop-on-demand printing system. All handle variable data and rival offset in quality. Digital offset presses are called direct imaging presses; although these receive computer files and automatically turn them into print-ready plates, they cannot insert variable data. Small press and fanzines generally use digital printing or more rarely xerography. Prior to the introduction of cheap photocopying the use of machines such as the spirit duplicator, hectograph, and mimeograph was common. See also Color printing Converters (industry) Flexography Foil imaging Foil stamping Hot metal typesetting In-mould decoration In-mould labeling Intaglio (printmaking) Jang Young Sil Letterpress printing Movable type Offset printing Pad printing Print on demand Printmaking Security printing Typography Wang Zhen Waterless printing Laurens Janszoon Coster Printing press check ; duotone, dougraph, duplex halftone, false duotone, flat tint halftone and halftone with screen. Fast Color Inks; Inks with colors that retain their density and resist fading as the product is used and washed. Feeding Unit; Component of a printing press that moves paper into the register unit. Felt Finish; Soft woven pattern in text paper. Felt Side; Side of the paper that was not in contact with the Fourdrinier wire during papermaking, as compared to wire side. Fifth Color; Ink color used in addition to the four needed by four-color process. Film Gauge; Thickness of film. The most common gauge for graphic arts film is 0.004 inch (0.1 mm). Film Laminate; Thin sheet of plastic bonded to a printed product for protection or increased gloss. Fine Papers; Papers made specifically for writing or commercial printing, as compared to coarse papers and industrial papers. Also called cultural papers and graphic papers. Fine Screen; Screen with ruling of 150 lines per inch (80 lines per centimeter) or more. Finish; (1) Surface characteristics of paper. (2) General term for trimming, folding, binding and all other post press operations. Finished Size; Size of product after production is completed, as compared to flat size. Also called trimmed size. Fit; Refers to ability of film to be registered during stripping and assembly. Good fit means that all images register to other film for the same job. Fixed Costs; Costs that remain the same regardless of how many pieces are printed. Copyrighting, photography and design are fixed costs. Flat Color; (1) Any color created by printing only one ink, as compared to a color created by printing four-color process. Also called block color and spot color. (2) color that seems weak or lifeless. Flat Plan (Flats); Diagram of the flats for a publication showing imposition and indicating colors. Flat Size; Size of product after printing and trimming, but before folding, as compared to finished size. Flexography; Method of printing on a web press using rubber or plastic plates with raised images. Also called aniline printing because flexographic inks originally used aniline dyes. Abbreviated flexo. Flood; To print a sheet completely with an ink or varnish. flooding with ink is also called painting the sheet. Flush Cover; Cover trimmed to the same size as inside pages, as compared to overhang cover. Also called cut flush. Flyleaf; Leaf, at the front and back of a casebound book that is the one side of the end paper not glued to the case. Fogging Back; Used in making type more legible by lowering density of an image, while allowing the image to show through. Foil Emboss; To foil stamp and emboss an image. Also called heat stamp. Foil Stamp; Method of printing that releases foil from its backing when stamped with the heated die. Also called block print, hot foil stamp and stamp. Folder; A bindery machine dedicated to folding printed materials. Fold Marks; With printed matter, markings indicating where a fold is to occur, usually located at the top edges. Foldout; Gatefold sheet bound into a publication, often used for a map or chart. Also called gatefold and pullout. Folio (page number); The actual page number in a publication. Form; Each side of a signature. Also spelled forme. Format; Size, style, shape, layout or organization of a layout or printed product. Form bond; Lightweight bond, easy to perforate, made for business forms. Also called register bond. Form Roller(s); Roller(s) that come in contact with the printing plate, bringing it ink or water. For Position Only; Refers to inexpensive copies of photos or art used on mechanical to indicate placement and scaling, but not intended for reproduction. Abbreviated FPO. Forwarding; In the case book arena, the binding process which involves folding, rounding, backing, headbanding and reinforcing. Fountain; Trough or container, on a printing press, that holds fluids such as ink, varnish or water. Also called duct. Fountain Solution; Mixture of water and chemicals that dampens a printing plate to prevent ink from adhering to the nonimage area. Also called dampener solution. Four-color Process Printing; Technique of printing that uses black, magenta, cyan and yellow to simulate full-color images. Also called color process printing, full color printing and process printing. Free Sheet; Paper made from cooked wood fibers mixed with chemicals and washed free of impurities, as compared to groundwood paper. Also called woodfree paper. French Fold; A printed sheet, printed one side only, folded with two right angle folds to form a four page uncut section. Full-range Halftone; Halftone ranging from 0 percent coverage in its highlights to 100 percent coverage in its shadows. Full-scale Black; Black separation made to have dots throughout the entire tonal range of the image, as compared to half-scale black and skeleton black. Also called full-range black. Galley Proof ; Proof of type from any Source, whether metal type or photo type. Also called checker and slip proof. Gang; (1) To halftone or separate more than one image in only one exposure. (2) To reproduce two or more different printed products simultaneously on one sheet of paper during one press run. Also called combination run. Gate Fold; A sheet that folds where both sides fold toward the gutter in overlapping layers. Gathered; Signatures assembled next to each other in the proper sequence for binding, as compared to nested. Also called stacked. Ghost Halftone; Normal halftone whose density has been reduced to produce a very faint image. Ghosting; (1) Phenomenon of a faint image appearing on a printed sheet where it was not intended to appear. Chemical ghosting refers to the transfer of the faint image from the front of one sheet to the back of another sheet. Mechanical ghosting refers to the faint image appearing as a repeat of an image on the same side of the sheet. (2) Phenomenon of printed image appearing too light because of ink starvation. Gilding; Mostly in the book arena, gold leafing the edges of a book. Gloss; Consider the light reflecting on various objects in the printing industry (e.g., paper, ink, laminates, UV coating, varnish). Gloss Ink; Ink used and printed on coated stock (mostly litho and letterpress) such as the ink will dry without penetration. Grade; General term used to distinguish between or among printing papers, but whose specific meaning depends on context. Grade can refer to the category, class, rating, finish or brand of paper. Graduated Screen Tint; Screen tint that changes densities gradually and smoothly, not in distinct steps. Also called degrade, gradient, ramped screen and vignette. Grain Direction; Predominant direction in which fibers in paper become aligned during manufacturing. Also called machine direction. Long Grain Paper; Paper whose fibers run parallel to the long dimension of the sheet. Also called long grain paper and narrow web paper. Short Grain Paper; Paper whose fibers run parallel to the short dimension of the sheet. Also called short grain paper and wide web paper. Grammage; Basis weight of paper in grams per square meter (gsm). Graphic Arts; The crafts, industries and professions related to designing and printing on paper and other substrates. Graphic Arts Film; Film whose emulsion yields high contrast images suitable for reproduction by a printing press, as compared to continuous-tone film. Also called litho film and repro film. Graphic Design; Arrangement of type and visual elements along with specifications for paper, ink colors and printing processes that, when combined, convey a visual message. Graphics; Visual elements that supplement type to make printed messages more clear or interesting. Gravure; Method of printing using metal cylinders etched with millions of tiny wells that hold ink. Gray Balance; Printed cyan, magenta and yellow halftone dots that accurately, reproduce a neutral gray image. Gray Component Replacement; Technique of replacing gray tones in the yellow, cyan and magenta films, made while color separating, with black ink. Abbreviated GCR. Also called achromatic color removal. Gray Levels; Number of distinct gray tones that can be reproduced by a computer. Gray Scale; Strip of gray values ranging from white to black. Used by process camera and scanner operators to calibrate exposure times for film and plates. Also called step wedge. Grind Edge; Alternate term for binding edge when referring to perfect bound products. Grindoff; Approximately 1/8 inch (3 mm) along the spine that is ground off gathered signatures before perfect binding. Gripper Edge; Edge of a sheet held by grippers on a sheetfed press, thus going first through the press. Also called feeding edge and leading edge. Groundwood Paper; Newsprint and other inexpensive paper made from pulp created when wood chips are ground mechanically rather than refined chemically. GSM; The unit of measurement for paper weight (grams per square meter). Gutter; In the book arena, the inside margins toward the back or the binding edges. Hairline (Rule); Subjective term referring to very small space, thin line or close register. The meaning depends on who is using the term and in what circumstances. Half-scale Black; Black separation made to have dots only in the shadows and midtones, as compared to full-scale black and skeleton black. Halftone; (1) To photograph or scan a continuous tone image to convert the image into halftone dots. (2) A photograph or continuous-tone illustration that has been halftoned and appears on film, paper, printing plate or the final printed product. Halftone Screen; Piece of film or glass containing a grid of lines that breaks light into dots. Also called contact screen and screen. Halo Effect; Faint shadow sometimes surrounding halftone dots printed. Also called halation. The halo itself is also called a fringe. Hard Dots; Halftone dots with no halos or soft edges, as compared to soft dots. Hard Mechanical; Mechanical consisting of paper and/or acetate and made using paste-up techniques, as compared to electronic mechanical. Head(er); At the top of a page, the margin. Head-to-tail; Imposition with heads (tops) of pages facing tails (bottoms) of other pages. Heat-set Web; Web press equipped with an oven to dry ink, thus able to print coated paper. Hickey; Spot or imperfection in printing, most visible in areas of heavy ink coverage, caused by dirt on the plate or blanket. Also called bulls eye and fish eye. High-fidelity Color; Color reproduced using six, eight or twelve separations, as compared to four-color process. High-key Photo; Photo whose most important details appear in the highlights. Highlights; Lightest portions of a photograph or halftone, as compared to midtones and shadows. Hinged Cover; Perfect bound cover scored 1/8 inch (3mm) from the spine so it folds at the hinge instead of, along the edge of the spine. HLS; Abbreviation for hue, lightness, saturation, one of the color-control options often found in software, for design and page assembly. Also called HVS. Hot Spot; Printing defect caused when a piece of dirt or an air bubble caused incomplete draw-down during contact platemaking, leaving an area of weak ink coverage or visible dot gain. House Sheet; Paper kept in stock by a printer and suitable for a variety of printing jobs. Also called floor sheet. Hue; A specific color such as yellow or green. Image Area; The actual area on the printed matter that is not restricted to ink coverage, Imagesetter ;Laser output device using photosensitive paper or film. Imposition ;Arrangement of pages on mechanicals or flats so they will appear in proper sequence after press sheets are folded and bound. Impression ;(1) Referring to an ink color, one impression equals one press sheet passing once through a printing unit. (2) Referring to speed of a press, one impression equals one press sheet passing once through the press. Impression Cylinder ;Cylinder, on a press, that pushes paper against the plate or blanket, thus forming the image. Also called impression roller. Imprint ;To print new copy on a previously printed sheet, such as imprinting an employee's name on business cards. Also called surprint. Ink Balance; Relationship of the densities and dot gains of process inks to each other and to a standard density of neutral gray Ink Fountain ;Reservoir, on a printing press, that holds ink. Ink Holdout; Characteristic of paper that prevents it from absorbing ink, thus allowing ink to dry on the surface of the paper. Also called holdout. Ink Jet Printing; Method of printing by spraying droplets of ink through computer-controlled nozzles. Also called jet printing. Inner Form ;Form (side of the press sheet) whose images all appear inside the folded signature, as compared to outer form. In-Plant Printer; Department of an agency, business or association that does printing for a parent organization. Also called captive printer and in-house printer. Inserts; Within a publication, an additional item positioned into the publication loose (not bound in). Intaglio Printing ;Printing method whose image carriers are surfaces with two levels, having inked areas lower than noninked areas. Gravure and engraving are the most common forms of intaglio. Also called recess printing. Integral Proof ;Color proof of separations shown on one piece of proofing paper, as compared to an overlay proof. Also called composition proof, laminate proof, plastic proof and single-sheet proof. Interleaves ;Printed pages loosely inserted in a publication. ISBN ;A number assigned to a published work and usually found either on the title page or the back of the title page. Considered an International Standard Book Number. Job Lot Paper ;Paper that didn't meet specifications when produced, has been discontinued, or for other reasons is no longer considered first quality. Job Number ;A number assigned to a specific printing project in a printing company for use in tracking and historical record keeping. Job Ticket ;Form used by service bureaus, separators and printers to specify production schedule of a job and the materials it needs. Also called docket, production order and work order. Jogger ;A vibration machine with a slopping platform to even-up stacks of printed materials. K ;Abbreviation for black in four-color process printing. Hence the 'K' in CMYK. Key ;(1) The screw that controls ink flow from the ink fountain of a printing press. (2) To relate loose pieces of copy to their positions on a layout or mechanical using a system of numbers or letters. (3) Alternate term for the color black, as in 'key plate.' Keylines ;Lines on a mechanical or negative showing the exact size, shape and location of photographs or other graphic elements. Also called holding lines. Key Negative or Plate ;Negative or plate that prints the most detail, thus whose image guides the register of images from other plates. Also called key printer. Kiss Die Cut ;To die cut the top layer, but not the backing layer, of self-adhesive paper. Also called face cut. Kiss Impression ;Lightest possible impression that will transfer ink to a Substrate. Kraft Paper ;Strong paper used for wrapping and to make grocery bags and large envelopes. Laid Finish ;Finish on bond or text paper on which grids of parallel lines simulate the surface of handmade paper. Laid lines are close together and run against the grain; chain lines are farther apart and run with the grain. Laminate ;A thin transparent plastic sheet (coating) applied to usually a thick stock (covers, post cards, etc.) providing protection against liquid and heavy use, and usually accents existing color, providing a glossy (or lens) effect. Landscape ;Artist style in which width is greater than height. (Portrait is opposite.) Lap Register ;Register where ink colors overlap slightly, as compared to butt register. Laser Bond ;Bond paper made especially smooth and dry to run well through laser printers. Laser-imprintable Ink;Ink that will not fade or blister as the paper on which it is printed is used in a laser printer. Lay Flat Bind ;Method of perfect binding that allows a publication to lie fully open. (Also known as Lay Flat Perfect Binding.) Lay Edge ;The edge of a sheet of paper feeding into a press. Layout ;A sample of the original providing (showing) position of printed work (direction, instructions) needed and desired. Leading ;Amount of space between lines of type. Leaf ;One sheet of paper in a publication. Each side of a leaf is one page. Ledger Paper ;Strong, smooth bond paper used for keeping business records. Also called record paper. Letter fold ;Two folds creating three panels that allow a sheet of letterhead to fit a business envelope. Also called barrel fold and wrap around fold. Letter Paper ;In North America, 8 1/2' x 11' sheets. In Europe, A4 sheets. Legend ;Directions about a specific matter (illustrations) and how to use. In regard to maps and tables, an explanation of signs (symbols) used. Letterpress ;Method of printing from raised surfaces, either metal type or plates whose surfaces have been etched away from image areas. Also called block printing. Lightweight Paper ;Book paper with basis weight less than 40# (60 gsm). Lignin ;Substance in trees that holds cellulose fibers together. Free sheet has most lignin removed; groundwood paper contains lignin. Line Copy ;Any high-contrast image, including type, as compared to continuous-tone copy. Also called line art and line work. Line Negative ;Negative made from line copy. Linen Finish ;Embossed finish on text paper that simulates the pattern of linen cloth. Lithography ;Method of printing using plates whose image areas attract ink and whose nonimage areas repel ink. Nonimage areas may be coated with water to repel the oily ink or may have a surface, such as silicon, that repels ink. Live Area ;Area on a mechanical within which images will print. Also called safe area. Logo (Logotype); A company, partnership or corporate creation (design) that denotes a unique entity. A possible combination of letters and art work to create a "sole" entity symbol of that specific unit. Looseleaf ;Binding method allowing insertion and removal of pages in a publication (e.g., trim-4-drill-3). Loose Proof ;Proof of a halftone or color separation that is not assembled with other elements from a page, as compared to composite proof. Also called first proof, random proof, scatter proof and show-color proof. Loupe; Lens built into a small stand. Used to inspect copy, film, proofs, plates and printing. Also called glass and linen tester. Low Key Photo; Photo whose most important details appear in the shadows.
